Always a filled rectangular array.
Always a filled rectangular array.
Just a place-holder.
Illustration place-holder. Seldom used.
Supra. The two parts of each such field
are stacked, one over the other, *without* a
horizontal bar between (as in a fraction).
Used only in one entry, for a musical notation.
Music figure. Ony in a note under the entry "Figure",
the two numbers of each such field
are bold, 20 point type, stacked as in a fraction with
a bar between them, but also having a horizontal stroke
midway through each numeral. Unique to this entry.
====================================================================
Functional Tags
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Tag Font Meaning
(Comparatives are relative to the plain font.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
<-- --> * Comment, not a tag. These segments should be deleted
from the written or printed text.
Page numbers of the original text are indicated
within such comments; these may be left in, if
desired.
* Multiple headword. This field is used where
more than one headword shares a single
definition. In the dictionary, the
(usually) two headwords are left-justified
one below the other in the column, and are
tied together on the right side of the
headwords by a long right curly brace.
This division is strictly functional,
for analytical purposes, and does not
affect the typography.
bold, headword. Each main entry begins with the
larger by mark, and ends at the next mark. The
2 points main entries are not otherwise explicitly
marked as a distinctive field.
The same word may appear as a headword
several times, usually as different parts
of speech, but sometimes with diferent
entries as the same part of speech, presumably
to indicate a different etymology.
Within the hw field the heavy accent is
represented by double quote ("), the
light accent by open-single-quote (`),
and the short dash separating syllables by
an asterisk (*). A hyphen (-) is used to
represent the hyphen of hyphenated words.
* pronunciation. The default font is normal, but
many non-ASCII characters are used.
The pronunciation field may have more than
one pronunciation, separated by an " italic Part of speech. Always an abbreviation: e.g.,
n.; v. i.; v. t.; a.; adv.; pron.; prep.
Combinations may occur, as "a. & n.".
* Plural. The "plural" segment starts with a
"pl." which is italicised, but in this
segment is not otherwise marked as
italicised. Other words occurring in this
segment are plain type. The "pl." can be
easily explicitly marked if necessary.
small caps Plural word. The actual plural form of the word,
found within a segment.
* Singular. Analogous to the segment, but more
rarely used, mostly for Indian tribes.
small caps Singular word. The singular form of the
plural-form headword.
* Morphological derivatives. In this position,
the various derivative forms of the verbs are
listed (imperfect, present progressive).
Adverbial and nominal derivatives of adjectives
are also marked as , but are found
at the end of each main entry. Also, irregular
comparative and superlative derivatives of
adjectives may have a "wordforms" segment
prior to the definition. In the case of
such wordforms prior to the definition, this
segment is almost always contained within square
brackets, with an occasional exception. The
adverbial and nominalized derivatives at the end
of a main entry are usually introduced by an
em dash [represented as two hyphens (--)].
bold, Same font as , with accents and syllable
larger by breaks marked as in the headword.
2 points
Small Caps Entry reference. References to headwords
within the "etymology" section are in small
caps, and so are the morphological derivatives
presented in the "wordforms" segment prior to
the definition. Such references also occur
in the body of definitions, and in "usage"
segments.
The morphological derivatives (in the
segments) do not have entries
elsewhere, so "entry reference" is a
misleading tag in these
cases, where it merely signifies a font,
and should be changed in the next version.
Such entry referemces, other than in
segments, should function as hypertext buttons
to access that entry.
* Etymology. Always contained within square
brackets. Normal type is used for explanatory
comments, and italics for the actual words
(marked ) considered as etymological
sources.
italic Etymological source. Words from which the
headword was derived, or to which it is related.
The Greek words within an etymology segment
are invariably etymology sources, and should
be marked as such, but are not so marked,
even in the rare cases where the Greek word
transliteration has been written in.
transliteration Greek. The Greek words have been transliterated
using the equivalents explained in the
file "entities.web". In most cases, the
transliterations are typical for Greek
letters, except for theta (transl = q),
phi (transl. = f), eta (transl. = h), and
upsilon (transl. = y, whether pronounced
as y or u). This was to eliminate any
ambiguity.
bold, Sense number. A headword may have over 20
larger by different sense numbers. Within each numbered
2 points sense there may be lettered sub-senses. See
the (sub-definition) field.
italic Field of specialization. Most often used for
Zoology and Botany, but many "fields of
specialization" are marked for technical
terms. The parentheses are usually within this
field, but are not themselves in italics.
* definition. The definition may have subfields,
particularly (an illustrative phrase
starting with "as" or "thus" and containing
the headword (or a morphological derivative).
The , \'bd...\'b8 quotations (left and
right double quotes) and fields may be
found within a definition field, but should
and usually are located outside the definition
proper. The marking macro was
inconsistent in this placement, and the
exclusion of the , and quotations
needs to be completed by the proof-readers.
Certain definitions contain
fields within them, where the headword is
an irregular derivative of another headword.
In these cases, the field follows
immediately after the tag, and these
entries do not have a separate field.
In such cases, the field is italic, as
usual.
italic Authority or author. Used where an authority is
(may be right- given for a definition, and also used for the
justified. See author, where a quotation within double quotes
in the section is given in the same paragraph as the
on formatting). definition. The double quotes are indicated
by the open-quote (\'bd) and close-quote
(\'b8). In both cases, it is typically
right-justified, almost always fitting on
the same line with the last line of the
definition or quotation.
Within collocation segments, it is usually
used only after quotations, and is not right-
justified, except occasionally where it
would be close to the right margin, and then
apparently is is right-justified. We have
not explicitly marked those which are
right-justified, but they can be
recognized because they are on a line by
themselves, preceded by two carriage returns.
smaller by Quotation. No bracketing quotation marks,
two points, though occasionally \'bd-\'b8 quotations occur
centered, within these quotations. These quotations
Separate tend to be more complete sentences, rather
paragraph than just phrases, such as are contained
within quotation marks within the definition
paragraph.
italic, Quotation author. Used only for the quotations
right justified that are centered in their own paragraphs.
italic Quotation example. An example of usage within
quotations marked .. smaller spacing Collocation segment. The font and size is
normal in a cs, but the spacing between lines
is smaller (0.9 mm between lower-case letters,
rather than 1.1 mm in the main body of the
definition). For an on-line dictionary,
this typography is probably pointless.
bold, Collocation. A word combination containing the
smaller by headword (or a morphological derivative).
1 point The collocations do not have an explicitly
marked part of speech.
* Multiple collocation. Similar to multiple
headword, when two or more collocations share
one definition; however, the two collocations
are in-line, rather than stacked or justified.
There may be "or" or "and" words
(italicised), or an "etc." (plain type)
within this field. In most cases, the
smaller spacing Collocation definition. Similar in structure
to headword definitions (the field). May
contain an field. Plain type, but with
closer spacing than main definitions.
* Explanatory note. No explicit font is indicated.
These segments may be separate, as in the
separate paragraphs starting italic Alternative name. Usually for plants or animals,
but also used for other cases where words
are introduced by "also called", "called also",
"formerly called". These are functionally
synonyms for that word-sense.
italic Same as , but the marked word is a
plural form, whereas the headword is singular.
italic, Usage mark. Almost always within square
brackets, occasionally in parentheses or
without any bracketing.
but The most common usage marks,
explanatory "Obs." = obsolete "R." = rare, "Colloq." =
may be plain. colloquial, "Prov. Eng." = Provincial England,
etc. are in italics. Some usage notes are also
marked with , but are in plain. For
simplicity, all words in this field may be
italic, until additional explicti marks are
added.
* A segment occurring within the definitional
sentence, providing an example of usage of
the headword. Not conceptually a part of the
actual definition.
italic Example. An example of usage of the headword,
usually found within an segment.
* Alternative spelling segment. Almost always
contained within square brackets after the main
definition segment. Expository words
such as "Spelled also" are in plain font.
italic Alternative spelling. The actual word which is an
alternative spelling to the headword. These
are functionally synonyms of the headword. In
most cases these also occur as headwords, with
reference to the word where the actual definition
is found, but no check has been performed to see
if they are all listed separately. They should
be indexed at this location, also.
italic Collocation reference. A reference to a collocation.
Each such collocation should have its own entry,
and these references should function as
hypertext buttons to access that entry.
italic Subdefinition, marked (a), (b), (c), etc. THese are
finer distinctions of word senses, used
within numbered word-sense (for main entries),
and also used for subdefinitions within
collocation segments, which have no numbering of
senses. The letter is italic, the parentheses
are not.
plain Synonyms. A list of synonyms, sometimes followed
by a segment.
narrower Comparisons of word usage for words which are
spacing sometimes confused. As with collocation segments,
font is plain, but spacing is smaller than
normal definition spacing. This seems pointlessly
complicating for an on-line display.
italic Contrasting word. Not exactly an antonym, which
is marked , but a contrasting word which is
often introduced as "opposite to" or "contrasts
with".
italic Antonym.
* Second definition (occasionally, a third definition is
present). This is used where a second or third
part of speech with the same orthography is
placed under one headword. Within this segment,
there will be a field, and sometimes
a and/or a quotation.
italic. Plural form.
Used exclusively to mark the "pl." abbreviation,
which introduces a definition for the headword,
*when used in the plural form*. Not related to
, which spells out the plural form, but does
define it.
italic Usage example. Used only a few times, within
segments.
italic Subtype. A functional mark, to point out words which
are conceptually subtypes of the headword.
plain, Chemical formula. The letters are plain font,
numbers but the numbers are subscript. This is mostly
subscript useful as a functional mark to pinpoint
chemicals.
italic Mathematical expression. In this dictionary,
essentially all letters (used as variable labels)
in math expressions are in italic font.
The "+" and "-" may also appear typographically
different from elsewhere in the dictionary.
italic Also a mathematical expression, but the colon and
double colon may have a different typography
than usual., as in a:b italic Singular form. Analogous to , to define
the singular word where the headword is the
plural form.
* Morphological derivation. Used to mark the
entry-reference portions of those
entries which are defined as morphological
derivatives (plural, p. p., imp.) of other
headwords. Used just as an attempt to
mark and regularize the entry format.
May be ignored typographically.
a stack, Fraction. Used for non-numerical fractions
with which cannot be expressed as a superscript, Exponential. Used in mathematical expressions.
smaller
font.
italic Translation (of Greek) in the body of a definition.
Used only twice.
bold, Collocation font. Same font as used in collocations.
smaller This is used only in the list of "un-" words not
by 1 point actually defined in the dictionary. Probably could be
replaced by a segment mark for the entire list!
* Functional expression (math). The function names are
in plain type, the variables are italic.
italic Illustration reference.
italic Figure reference.
* Chemical reaction. Similar to chemical formulas (which
are contained but not explicitly marked), with
some other symbols.
italic Verb Particle. Only a few particles were actually
marked, but in a future version more may be.
? Table Title. Used only once.
* Square root -- differs from the entity
field has a bar over the expression within the field,
as well as the square root symbol preceding the
expression in the field. Used only once.
* Vinculum. In a mathematical expression, a bar
extending over the expression within the field.
Used only once. This apparently serves the same
function as a parentheses, of causing the
expression within the field to be evaluated
and the result used as the (mathematical) value
of the field.
plain Nultype. An older version of .
italic Part. A word which is a part of the headword.
* Second collocation definition. Somewhat similar to
. Purely a mark to reduce functional ambiguity,
with no effect on the typography.
==========================================================
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
X.
X (&ebreve;ks). X, the twenty-fourth letter of the
English alphabet, has three sounds; a compound nonvocal sound (that of
ks), as in wax; a compound vocal sound (that of
gz), as in example; and, at the beginning of a word, a
simple vocal sound (that of z), as in xanthic. See
Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 217, 270, 271.
The form and value of X are from the Latin X, which is from the
Greek &CHI;, which in some Greek alphabets had the value of ks,
though in the one now in common use it represents an aspirated sound
of k.
Xanth*am"ide (?), n. [Xanthic +
amide.] (Chem.)An amido derivative of xanthic acid
obtained as a white crystalline substance,
C2H5O.CS.NH2; -- called also
xanthogen amide.
Xan"thate (?), n. [See Xanthic.]
(Chem.)A salt of xanthic; a xanthogenate.
||Xan`the*las"ma (?), n. [NL.; Gr.
xanqo`s yellow + 'e`lasma a metal plate.]
(Med.)See Xanthoma.
Xan"thi*an (?), a.Of or pertaining
to Xanthus, an ancient town on Asia Minor; -- applied
especially to certain marbles found near that place, and now in the
British Museum.
Xan"thic (?), a. [Gr. xanqo`s
yellow: cf. F. xanthique.]
1.Tending toward a yellow color, or to one of
those colors, green being excepted, in which yellow is a constituent,
as scarlet, orange, etc.
2.(Chem.)(a)Possessing, imparting, or producing a yellow color; as,
xanthic acid.(b)Of or pertaining
to xanthic acid, or its compounds; xanthogenic.(c)Of or pertaining to xanthin.
Xanthic acid(Chem.), a heavy,
astringent, colorless oil, C2H5O.CS.SH, having a
pungent odor. It is produced by leading carbon disulphide into a hot
alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide. So called from the yellow
color of many of its salts. Called also xanthogenic acid.
--
Xanthic colors(Bot.), those colors
(of flowers) having some tinge of yellow; -- opposed to cyanic
colors. See under Cyanic.
Xan"thide (?), n. [See Xantho-.]
(Chem.)A compound or derivative of xanthogen.
[Archaic]
||Xan*thid"i*um (?), n.; pl.Xanthidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. xanqo`s
yellow.] (Bot.)A genus of minute unicellular algæ
of the desmids. These algæ have a rounded shape and are armed
with glochidiate or branched aculei. Several species occur in ditches,
and others are found fossil in flint or hornstone.
Xan"thin (?), n. [Gr. xanqo`s
yellow.]
1.(Physiol. Chem.)A crystalline
nitrogenous body closely related to both uric acid and hypoxanthin,
present in muscle tissue, and occasionally found in the urine and in
some urinary calculi. It is also present in guano. So called from the
yellow color of certain of its salts (nitrates).
2.(Chem.)A yellow insoluble coloring
matter extracted from yellow flowers; specifically, the coloring
matter of madder. [Formerly written also xanthein.]
3.(Chem.)One of the gaseous or
volatile decomposition products of the xanthates, and probably
identical with carbon disulphide. [Obs.]
Xan"thi*nine (?), n. [Gr.
xanqo`s yellow + quinine.] (Chem.)A
complex nitrogenous substance related to urea and uric acid, produced
as a white powder; -- so called because it forms yellow salts, and
because its solution forms a blue fluorescence like quinine.
||Xan"thi*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr.
xa`nqion a plant used for dyeing the hair yellow, said to
be the Xanthium strumarium, from xanqo`s yellow.]
(Bot.)A genus of composite plants in which the scales of
the involucre are united so as to form a kind of bur; cocklebur;
clotbur.
Xan"tho- (?). A combining form from Gr.
xanqo`s yellow; as in xanthocobaltic salts. Used
also adjectively in chemistry.
Xan`tho*car"pous (?), a. [Xantho-
+ Gr. karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.)Having yellow
fruit.
||Xan*thoch"ro*i (?), n. pl. [NL. See
Xanthochroic.] (Ethnol.)A division of the
Caucasian races, comprising the lighter-colored members.
The Xanthochroi, or fair whites, . . . are the
prevalent inhabitants of Northern Europe, and the type may be traced
into North Africa, and eastward as far as Hindostan.
Tylor.
Xan`tho*chro"ic (?), a. [Xantho-
+ Gr. chro`a color.] (Ethnol.)Having a
yellowish or fair complexion; of or pertaining to the
Xanthochroi.
Xan`tho*don"tous (?), a. [Xantho-
+ Gr. 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos, tooth.] Having
yellow teeth.
Xan"tho*gen (?), n. [Xantho- +
-gen.] (Chem.)(a)The hypothetical
radical supposed to be characteristic of xanthic acid. [Archaic]
(b)Persulphocyanogen. [R.]
Xan"tho*gen*ate (?), n.(Chem.)A salt of xanthic acid.
Xan`tho*gen"ic (?), a. [See Xantho-
, and -gen.] (Chem.)Producing a yellow color
or compound; xanthic. See Xanthic acid, under
Xanthic.
||Xan*tho"ma (?), n. [NL. See
Xantho-, and -oma.] (Med.)A skin disease
marked by the development or irregular yellowish patches upon the
skin, especially upon the eyelids; -- called also
xanthelasma.
Xan"tho*phane (?), n. [Xantho- +
Gr. fai`nein to show.] (Physiol.)The yellow
pigment present in the inner segments of the retina in animals. See
Chromophane.
Xan"tho*phyll (?), n. [Xantho- +
Gr. fy`llon leaf.] (Bot.)A yellow coloring
matter found in yellow autumn leaves, and also produced artificially
from chlorophyll; -- formerly called also
phylloxanthin.
Xan"tho*pous (?), a. [Xantho- +
Gr. poy`s, podo`s, foot.] (Bot.)Having a yellow stipe, or stem.
Xan`tho*pro*te"ic (?), a.(Physiol.
Chem.)Pertaining to, or derived from, xanthoprotein; showing
the characters of xanthoprotein; as, xanthoproteic acid; the
xanthoproteic reaction for albumin.
Xan`tho*pro"te*in (?), n. [Xantho-
+ protein.] (Physiol. Chem.)A yellow acid
substance formed by the action of hot nitric acid on albuminous or
proteid matter. It is changed to a deep orange-yellow color by the
addition of ammonia.
Xan`tho*puc"cine (?), n. [Xantho-
+ puccoon + -ine.] (Chem.)One of three
alkaloids found in the root of the yellow puccoon (Hydrastis
Canadensis). It is a yellow crystalline substance, and resembles
berberine.
Xan`tho*rham"nin (?), n. [Xantho-
+ NL. Rhamnus, the generic name of the plant bearing Persian
berries.] (Chem.)A glucoside extracted from Persian
berries as a yellow crystalline powder, used as a dyestuff.
Xan`tho*rhi"za (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr.
xanqo`s yellow + "ri`za root.] (Bot.)A genus of shrubby ranunculaceous plants of North America,
including only the species Xanthorhiza apiifolia, which has
roots of a deep yellow color; yellowroot. The bark is intensely
bitter, and is sometimes used as a tonic.
||Xan`tho*rhœ"a (?), n. [NL., from
Gr. xanqo`s yellow + "rei^n to flow.]
(Bot.)A genus of endogenous plants, native to Australia,
having a thick, sometimes arborescent, stem, and long grasslike
leaves. See Grass tree.
Xan"those (?), n.(Chem.)An
orange-yellow substance found in pigment spots of certain
crabs.
||Xan*tho"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr.
xanqo`s yellow.] (Med.)The yellow
discoloration often observed in cancerous tumors.
Xan`tho*sper"mous (?), a. [Xantho-
+ Gr. spe`rma sperm.] (Bot.)Having yellow
seeds.
Xan"thous (?), a. [Gr.
xanqo`s yellow.] Yellow; specifically
(Ethnol.), of or pertaining to those races of man which have
yellowish, red, auburn, or brown hair.
Xan*thox"y*lene (?), n. [See
Xanthoxylum.] (Chem.)A liquid hydrocarbon of the
terpene series extracted from the seeds of a Japanese prickly ash
(Xanthoxylum pipertium) as an aromatic oil.
||Xan*thox"y*lum (?), n. [NL., from Gr.
xanqo`s yellow + xy`lon wood.] (Bot.)A genus of prickly shrubs or small trees, the bark and rots of
which are of a deep yellow color; prickly ash.
&fist; The commonest species in the Northern United States is
Xanthoxylum Americanum. See Prickly ash, under
Prickly.
Xe"bec (zē"b&ebreve;k), n. [Sp.
jabegue, formerly spelt xabeque, or Pg. xabeco;
both from Turk. sumbeki a kind of Asiatic ship; cf. Per.
sumbuk, Ar. sumbūk a small ship.] (Naut.)A small three-masted vessel, with projecting bow stern and convex
decks, used in the Mediterranean for transporting merchandise, etc. It
carries large square sails, or both. Xebecs were formerly armed and
used by corsairs.
||Xen`e*la"si*a (?), n. [NL., from Gr.
xenhlasi`a expulsion of strangers.] (Gr. Antiq.)A Spartan institution which prohibited strangers from residing in
Sparta without permission, its object probably being to preserve the
national simplicity of manners.
||Xe"ni*um (?), n.; pl.Xenia (#). [L., from Gr. xe`nion gift to
a guest, fr. xe`nos guest.] (Class. Antiq.)A
present given to a guest or stranger, or to a foreign
ambassador.
||Xen`o*do*chi"um (?), n. [LL., fr. L.
xenodochium a building for the reception of strangers, Gr. &?;
.] (a)(Class. Antiq.)A house for the
reception of strangers.(b)In the Middle
Ages, a room in a monastery for the reception and entertainment of
strangers and pilgrims, and for the relief of paupers. [Called also
Xenodocheion.]
Xe*nod"o*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;.]
Reception of strangers; hospitality. [R.]
Xen`o*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Gr.
xe`nos a stranger + E. genesis.] (Biol.)(a)Same as Heterogenesis.(b)The fancied production of an organism of one
kind by an organism of another.Huxley.
Xen`o*ge*net"ic (?), a.(Biol.)Of or pertaining to xenogenesis; as, the xenogenetic
origin of microzymes.Huxley.
Xen`o*ma"ni*a (?), n. [Gr.
xe`nos strange + E. mania.] A mania for, or an
inordinate attachment to, foreign customs, institutions, manners,
fashions, etc. [R.] Saintsbury.
||Xen"o*mi (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr.
xe`nos strange.] (Zoöl.)A suborder of
soft-rayed fresh-water fishes of which the blackfish of Alaska
(Dallia pectoralis) is the type.
||Xe*nop`te*ryg"i*i (?), n. pl. [NL.,
from Gr. xe`nos strange + &?;, dim. of &?; a wing.]
(Zoöl.)A suborder of fishes including
Gobiesox and allied genera. These fishes have soft-rayed fins,
and a ventral sucker supported in front by the pectoral fins. They are
destitute of scales.
Xen"o*time (?), n. [Gr. &?; honoring
guests or strangers; xe`nos guest, stranger + &?; honor:
cf. G. xenotim.] (Min.)A native phosphate of
yttrium occurring in yellowish-brown tetragonal crystals.
Xen"yl (?), n. [Gr. xe`nos
strange + -yl.] (Chem.)The radical characteristic
of xenylic compounds.
Xe*nyl"ic (?), a.(Chem.)Pertaining to, derived from, designating, certain amido compounds
obtained by reducing certain nitro derivatives of diphenyl.
Xer"a*phim (?), n. [Pg. xarafin,
xerafin, fr. Ar. ashrafī noble, the name of a gold
coin.] An old money of account in Bombay, equal to three fifths
of a rupee.
Xer"es (?), n.Sherry. See
Sherry.
Xer"if (?), n.A shereef.
Xer"iff (?), n. [See Shereef.]
A gold coin formerly current in Egypt and Turkey, of the value of
about 9s. 6d., or about $2.30; -- also, in Morocco, a
ducat.
||Xe`ro*der"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;
dry + &?; skin.] (Med.)(a)Ichthyosis.(b)A skin disease
characterized by the presence of numerous small pigmented spots
resembling freckles, with which are subsequently mingled spots of
atrophied skin.
Xe"ro*nate (?), n.(Chem.)A
salt of xeronic acid.
Xe*ron"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; dry +
citraconic.] (Chem.)Pertaining to, or designating,
an acid, C8H12O4, related to fumaric
acid, and obtained from citraconic acid as an oily substance having a
bittersweet taste; -- so called from its tendency to form its
anhydride.
Xe*roph"a*gy (?), n. [L.
xerophagia, Gr. &?;; &?; dry + &?; to eat.] Among the
primitive Christians, the living on a diet of dry food in Lent and on
other fasts.
Xe*roph"i*lous (?), a. [Gr. &?; dry +
&?; to love.] (Bot.)Drought-loving; able withstand the
absence or lack of moisture.
Plants which are peculiarly adapted to dry climates are
termed by De Candolle xerophilous.
Goodale.
||Xe`roph*thal"mi*a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr.
&?;; &?; dry + &?; the eye. See Ophthalmia.] (Med.)An abnormal dryness of the eyeball produced usually by long-
continued inflammation and subsequent atrophy of the
conjunctiva.
Xe`roph*thal"my (?), n.(Med.)Xerophthalmia.
||Xiph"i*as (?), n. [L., a swordfish, a
sword-shaped comet, fr. Gr. xifi`as, fr. xi`fos
a sword.]
1.(Zoöl.)A genus of fishes
comprising the common swordfish.
2.(Anat.)(a)The
constellation Dorado.(b)A comet shaped
like a sword
||Xi*phid"i*um (?), n. [NL., from Gr.
&?;, dim. of xi`fos sword.] (Bot.)A genus of
plants of the order Hæmodraceæ, having two-ranked,
sword-shaped leaves.
Xiph"i*oid (?), a. [Xiphius +
-oid.] (Zoöl.)Of, pertaining to, or
resembling, a cetacean of the genus Xiphius or family
Xiphiidæ.
||Xiph"i*plas"tron (?), n.; pl.Xiphiplastra (#). [NL., fr. Gr. xi`fos a
sword + plastron.] (Anat.)The posterior, or
fourth, lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; -- called also
xiphisternum.
||Xiph"i*ster"num (?), n.; pl.Xiphisterna (#). [NL., fr. Gr. xi`fos a
sword + sternum.] (Anat.)(a)The
posterior segment, or extremity, of the sternum; -- sometimes called
metasternum, ensiform cartilage, ensiform
process, or xiphoid process.(b)The xiphiplastron. -- Xiph"i*ster"nal (#)
a.
||Xiph"i*us (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr.
xi`fos a sword.] (Zoöl.)A genus of
cetaceans having a long, pointed, bony beak, usually two tusklike
teeth in the lower jaw, but no teeth in the upper jaw.
Xiph"o*don (?), n. [Gr.
xi`fos a sword + 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos,
a tooth.] (Paleon.)An extinct genus of artiodactylous
mammals found in the European Tertiary formations. It had slender
legs, didactylous feet, and small canine teeth.
Xiph"oid (?; 277), a. [Gr. &?; sword-
shaped; xi`fos a sword + &?; form, shape: cf. F.
xiphoide.] (Anat.)(a)Like a
sword; ensiform.(b)Of or pertaining to
the xiphoid process; xiphoidian.
||Xi*phu"ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr.
xi`fos sword + &?; tail.] (Zoöl.)Same as
Limuloidea. Called also Xiphosura.
X ray. See under Ray.
Xy*lam"ide (?), n. [Xylic +
amide.] (Chem.)An acid amide derivative of xylic
acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance.
Xy*lan"thrax (?), n. [Gr.
xy`lon wood + &?; coal.] Wood coal, or charcoal; -- so
called in distinction from mineral coal.
Xy"late (?), n.(Chem.)A
salt of xylic acid.
Xy"lem (?), n. [Gr. xy`lon
wood.] (Bot.)That portion of a fibrovascular bundle which
has developed, or will develop, into wood cells; -- distinguished from
phloëm.
Xy"lene (?), n. [Gr. xy`lon
wood.] (Chem.)Any of a group of three metameric
hydrocarbons of the aromatic series, found in coal and wood tar, and
so named because found in crude wood spirit. They are colorless, oily,
inflammable liquids,
C6H4.(CH3)2, being
dimethyl benzenes, and are called respectively orthoxylene,
metaxylene, and paraxylene. Called also
xylol.
&fist; Each of these xylenes is the nucleus and prototype of a
distinct series of compounds.
Xy"le*nol (?), n. [Xylene + -
ol.] (Chem.)Any one of six metameric phenol
derivatives of xylene, obtained as crystalline substances,
(CH3)2.C6H3.OH.
Xy*let"ic (?), a.(Chem.)Pertaining to, or designating, a complex acid related to
mesitylenic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance by the
action of sodium and carbon dioxide on crude xylenol.
Xy"lic (?), a.(Chem.)Pertaining to, derived from, or related to, xylene; specifically,
designating any one of several metameric acids produced by the partial
oxidation of mesitylene and pseudo-cumene.
Xy*lid"ic (?), a.(Chem.)Pertaining to, or designating, either one of two distinct acids
which are derived from xylic acid and related compounds, and are
metameric with uvitic acid.
Xy"li*dine (?), n.(Chem.)Any one of six metameric hydrocarbons,
(CH3)2.C6H3.NH2
, resembling aniline, and related to xylene. They are liquids, or
easily fusible crystalline substances, of which three are derived from
metaxylene, two from orthoxylene, and one from paraxylene. They are
called the amido xylenes.
&fist; The xylidine of commerce, used in making certain dyes,
consists chiefly of the derivatives of paraxylene and metaxylene.
Xy*lin"de*in (?), n.(Chem.)A green or blue pigment produced by Peziza in certain kinds of
decayed wood, as the beech, oak, birch, etc., and extracted as an
amorphous powder resembling indigo.
Xy"lite (?), n. [Gr. xy`lon
wood.] (Chem.)A liquid hydrocarbon found in crude wood
spirits.
Xy"li*tone (?), n.(Chem.)A
yellow oil having a geraniumlike odor, produced as a side product in
making phorone; -- called also xylite oil.
Xy"lo- (?). A combining form from Gr.
xy`lon wood; as in xylogen,
xylograph.
||Xy`lo*bal"sa*mum (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr.
xy`lon wood + &?; the balsam tree, balsam; cf. L.
xylobalsamum balsam wood, Gr. &?;.] (Med.)The
dried twigs of a Syrian tree (Balsamodendron Gileadense).U. S. Disp.
Xy`lo*car"pous (?), a. [Xylo- +
Gr. karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.)Bearing fruit which
becomes hard or woody.
||Xy*loc"o*pa (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;
cutting wood; xy`lon wood + &?; to cut.]
(Zoöl.)A genus of hymenopterous insects including
the carpenter. See Carpenter bee, under
Carpenter. -- Xy*loc"o*pine (#),
a.
Xy"lo*gen (?), n. [Xylo- + -
gen.] (a)(Bot.)Nascent wood; wood
cells in a forming state.(b)Lignin.
Xy"lo*graph (?), n. [Xylo- + -
graph.] An engraving on wood, or the impression from such an
engraving; a print by xylography.
Xy*log"ra*pher (?), n.One who
practices xylography.
{ Xy`lo*graph"ic (?), Xy`lo*graph"ic*al (?), }
a. [Cf. F. xylographique.] Of or
pertaining to xylography, or wood engraving.
Xy*log"ra*phy (?), n. [Xylo- +
-graphy: cf. F. xylographie.]
1.The art of engraving on wood.
2.The art of making prints from the natural
grain of wood.Knight.
3.A method pf printing in colors upon wood
for purposes of house decoration.Ure.
Xy"loid (?), a. [Xylo- + -
oid.] Resembling wood; having the nature of wood.
Xy*loid"in (?), n. [Xylo- + -
oid.] (Chem.)A substance resembling pyroxylin,
obtained by the action of nitric acid on starch; -- called also
nitramidin.
Xy"lol (?), n. [Xylo- + L.
oleum oil.] (Chem.)Same as
Xylene.
Xy"lon*ite (?), n.See
Zylonite.
||Xy*loph"a*ga (?), n. [NL. See
Xylophagous.] (Zoöl.)A genus of marine
bivalves which bore holes in wood. They are allied to
Pholas.
Xy*loph"a*gan (?), n. [See
Xylophagous.] (Zoöl.)(a)One
of a tribe of beetles whose larvæ bore or live in wood.(b)Any species of Xylophaga.(c)Any one of the Xylophagides.
||Xy`lo*phag"i*des (?), n. pl. [See
Xylophagous.] (Zoöl.)A tribe or family of
dipterous flies whose larvæ live in decayed wood. Some of the
tropical species are very large.
Xy*loph"a*gous (?), a. [Gr. &?; eating
wood; xy`lon wood + &?; to eat.] (Zoöl.)(a)Eating, boring in, or destroying, wood; --
said especially of certain insect larvæ, crustaceans, and
mollusks.(b)Of or pertaining to the
genus Xylophaga.
Xy*loph"i*lan (?), n. [See
Xylophilous.] (Zoöl.)One of a tribe of
beetles (Xylophili) whose larvæ live on decayed
wood.
Xy*loph"i*lous (?), a. [Xylo- +
Gr. filei^n to love.] (Zoöl.)Of or
pertaining to the xylophilans.
Xy"lo*phone (?), n. [Xylo- + Gr.
fwnh` sound.]
1.(Mus.)An instrument common among
the Russians, Poles, and Tartars, consisting of a series of strips of
wood or glass graduated in length to the musical scale, resting on
belts of straw, and struck with two small hammers. Called in Germany
strohfiedel, or straw fiddle.
2.An instrument to determine the vibrative
properties of different kinds of wood.Knight.
Xy`lo*plas"tic (?), a. [Xylo- +
-plastic.] (Technol.)Formed of wood pulp by molds;
relating to casts made of wood pulp in molds.
Xy`lo*py*rog"ra*phy (?). n. [Xylo-
+ Gr. &?;, &?;, fire + -graphy.] The art or practice
of burning pictures on wood with a hot iron; -- called also poker
painting. See Poker picture, under Poker.
Xy`lo*qui"none (?), n. [Xylene +
quinone.] (Chem.)Any one of a group of quinone
compounds obtained respectively by the oxidation of certain xylidine
compounds. In general they are yellow crystalline
substances.
Xy*lor"cin (?), n. [Xylene +
orcin.] (Chem.)A derivative of xylene obtained as
a white crystalline substance which on exposure in the air becomes
red; -- called also betaorcin.
Xy*los"te*in (?), n. [Xylo- + Gr.
&?; bone.] (Chem.)A glucoside found in the poisonous
berries of a species of honeysuckle (Lonicera xylosteum), and
extracted as a bitter, white, crystalline substance.
Xy"lo*tile (?), n.Same as
Parkesine.
||Xy*lo"try*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr.
xy`lon wood + &?; to rub, wear out.] (Zoöl.)A genus of marine bivalves closely allied to Teredo, and equally
destructive to timber. One species (Xylotrya fimbriata) is very
common on the Atlantic coast of the United States.
Xy"lyl (?), n. [Xylo- + -
yl.] (Chem.)Any one of three metameric radicals which
are characteristic respectively of the three xylenes.
Xy"lyl*ene (?), n.(Chem.)Any one of three metameric radicals,
CH2.C6H4.CH2, derived
respectively from the three xylenes. Often used adjectively; as,
xylylene alcohol.
Xyr`i*da"ceous (?), a.(Bot.)Of or pertaining to a natural order (Xyrideæ) of
endogenous plants, of which Xyris is the type.
||Xy"ris (?), n. [L., a kind of Iris,
Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a razor.] (Bot.)A genus of endogenous
herbs with grassy leaves and small yellow flowers in short, scaly-
bracted spikes; yellow-eyed grass. There are about seventeen species
in the Atlantic United States.
{ Xyst (?), ||Xys"tus (?), } n.
[L. xystus, Gr. &?;, from &?; to scrape, polish; -- so called
from its smooth and polished floor.] (Anc. Arch.)A long
and open portico, for athletic exercises, as wrestling, running, etc.,
for use in winter or in stormy weather.
Xyst"arch (?), n. [L. xystarches,
Gr. &?;, &?; a xyst + &?; to rule.] (Gr. Antiq.)An
office&?; having the superintendence of the xyst.Dr. W.
Smith.
Xys"ter (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr.
xysth`r a scraper.] (Surg.)An instrument for
scraping bones.
Y.
Y (wī). Y, the twenty-fifth letter of the
English alphabet, at the beginning of a word or syllable, except when
a prefix (see Y-), is usually a fricative vocal consonant; as a
prefix, and usually in the middle or at the end of a syllable, it is a
vowel. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 145, 178-9,
272.
It derives its form from the Latin Y, which is from the Greek
&UPSILON;, originally the same letter as V. Etymologically, it is most
nearly related to u, i, o, and j.
g; as in full, fill, AS. fyllan; E.
crypt, grotto; young, juvenile;
day, AS. dæg. See U, I, and
J, G.
&fist; Y has been called the Pythagorean letter, because the
Greek letter &UPSILON; was taken represent the sacred triad, formed by
the duad proceeding from the monad; and also because it represents the
dividing of the paths of vice and virtue in the development of human
life.
Y (wī), n.; pl.Y's (wīz) orYs.
Something shaped like the letter Y; a
forked piece resembling in form the letter
Y. Specifically: (a)One of the forked holders for supporting the telescope of a
leveling instrument, or the axis of a theodolite; a wye.(b)A forked or bifurcated pipe fitting.(c)(Railroads)A portion of track
consisting of two diverging tracks connected by a cross
track.
Y level(Surv.), an instrument for
measuring differences of level by means of a telescope resting in
Y's. --
Y moth(Zoöl.), a handsome European noctuid moth Plusia
gamma) which has a bright, silvery mark, shaped like the letter
Y, on each of the fore wings. Its larva,
which is green with five dorsal white species, feeds on the cabbage,
turnip, bean, etc. Called also gamma moth, and silver
Y.
Y (ī), pron.I. [Obs.]
King Horn. Wyclif.
{ Y- (?), or I- }. [OE. y-, i-,
AS. ge-, akin to D. & G. ge-, OHG. gi-, ga-
, Goth. ga-, and perhaps to Latin con-; originally
meaning, together. Cf. Com-, Aware, Enough,
Handiwork, Ywis.] A prefix of obscure meaning,
originally used with verbs, adverbs, adjectives, nouns, and pronouns.
In the Middle English period, it was little employed except with
verbs, being chiefly used with past participles, though occasionally
with the infinitive Ycleped, or yclept, is perhaps the
only word not entirely obsolete which shows this use.
That no wight mighte it see neither
yheere.
Chaucer.
Neither to ben yburied nor
ybrent.
Chaucer.
&fist; Some examples of Chaucer's use of this prefix are;
ibe, ibeen, icaught, ycome, ydo,
idoon, ygo, iproved, ywrought. It
inough, enough, it is combined with an adjective. Other
examples are in the Vocabulary.
Spenser and later writers frequently employed this prefix when
affecting an archaic style, and sometimes used it incorrectly.
Ya (yä), adv.Yea.
[Obs.] Chaucer.
Yac"a*re` (yăk"&adot;*rā`),
n. [See Jacare.] (Zoöl.)A
South American crocodilian (Jacare sclerops) resembling the
alligator in size and habits. The eye orbits are connected together,
and surrounded by prominent bony ridges. Called also spectacled
alligator, and spectacled cayman. [Written also
jacare.]
&fist; The name is also applied to allied species.
Yac"ca (yăk"k&adot;), n.(Bot.)A West Indian name for two large timber trees
(Podocarpus coriaceus, and P. Purdicanus) of the Yew
family. The wood, which is much used, is pale brownish with darker
streaks.
Yacht (y&obreve;t), n. [D. jagt,
jacht; perhaps properly, a chase, hunting, from. jagen
to chase, hunt, akin to G. jagen, OHG. jagōn, of
uncertain origin; or perhaps akin to OHG. gāhi quick,
sudden (cf. Gay).] (Naut.)A light and elegantly
furnished vessel, used either for private parties of pleasure, or as a
vessel of state to convey distinguished persons from one place to
another; a seagoing vessel used only for pleasure trips, racing,
etc.
Yacht measurement. See the Note under
Tonnage, 4.
Yacht, v. i.To manage a yacht; to
voyage in a yacht.
Yacht"er (-&etilde;r), n.One
engaged in sailing a jacht.
Yacht"ing, n.Sailing for pleasure
in a yacht.
Yacht"man (?), n.See
Yachtsman.
Yachts"man (?), n.; pl.Yachtsmen (&?;). One who owns or sails a yacht;
a yachter.
Yaf (?), obs. imp. of Give. [AS.
geaf, imp. of giefan to give. See Give]
Gave. See Give.Chaucer.
Yaf"fin*gale (?), n. [See Yaffle,
and cf. Nightingale.] (Zoöl.)The
yaffle. [Prov. Eng.]
Yaf"fle (?), n. [Probably imitative of
its call or cry.] (Zoöl.)The European green
woodpecker (Picus, or Genius, viridis). It is noted for its
loud laughlike note. Called also eccle, hewhole,
highhoe, laughing bird, popinjay, rain
bird, yaffil, yaffler, yaffingale,
yappingale, yackel, and woodhack.
Ya"ger (?; 277), n. [G.
jäger a hunter, from jagen to chase, hunt.]
(Mil.)In the German army, one belonging to a body of
light infantry armed with rifles, resembling the chasseur of
the French army. [Written also jager.]
Ya`gua*run"di (?), n.(Zoöl.)Same as Jaguarondi. [Written
also yaguarondi, and yagouarondi.]
||Yaj"ur-Ve"da (y&adot;j"ûr-vā`d&adot;
or -vē`d&adot;), n. [Skr. yajur-
vēda.] See Veda.
Yak (yăk), n. [Thibetan
gyag.] (Zoöl.)A bovine mammal
(Poëphagus grunnies) native of the high plains of Central
Asia. Its neck, the outer side of its legs, and its flanks, are
covered with long, flowing, fine hair. Its tail is long and bushy,
often white, and is valued as an ornament and for other purposes in
India and China. There are several domesticated varieties, some of
which lack the mane and the long hair on the flanks. Called also
chauri gua, grunting cow, grunting ox,
sarlac, sarlik, and sarluc.
Yak lace, a coarse pillow lace made from the
silky hair of the yak.
Yak"a*milk (?), n.(Zoöl.)See Trumpeter, 3 (a).
Yak"a*re` (?), n.(Zoöl.)Same as Yacare.
Ya"kin (?), n.(Zoöl.)A large Asiatic antelope (Budorcas taxicolor) native of
the higher parts of the Himalayas and other lofty mountains. Its head
and neck resemble those of the ox, and its tail is like that of the
goat. Called also budorcas.
Ya*koots" (?), n. pl.; sing.
Yakoot (&?;).(Ethnol.) A nomadic
Mongolian tribe native of Northern Siberia, and supposed to be of
Turkish stock. They are mainly pastoral in their habits.
[Written also Yakuts.]
||Yak"sha (?), n. [Skr.] (Hindoo
Myth.)A kind of demigod attendant on Kuvera, the god of
wealth.
Ya"lah (?), n.The oil of the mahwa
tree.
Yam (yăm), n. [Pg. inhame,
probably from some native name.] (Bot.)A large, esculent,
farinaceous tuber of various climbing plants of the genus
Dioscorea; also, the plants themselves. Mostly natives of warm
climates. The plants have netted-veined, petioled leaves, and pods
with three broad wings. The commonest species is D. sativa, but
several others are cultivated.
Chinese yam, a plant (Dioscorea
Batatas) with a long and slender tuber, hardier than most of the
other species. --
Wild yam. (a)A common plant (Dioscorea villosa) of the Eastern United
States, having a hard and knotty rootstock.(b)An orchidaceous plant (Gastrodia sesamoides) of Australia
and Tasmania.
||Ya"ma (?), n. [Skr. yama a
twin.] (Hindoo Myth.)The king of the infernal regions,
corresponding to the Greek Pluto, and also the judge of departed
souls. In later times he is more exclusively considered the dire judge
of all, and the tormentor of the wicked. He is represented as of a
green color, with red garments, having a crown on his head, his eyes
inflamed, and sitting on a buffalo, with a club and noose in his
hands.
Yam"ma (?), n. [See Llama.]
(Zoöl.)The llama.
Yamp (?), n.(Bot.)An
umbelliferous plant (Carum Gairdneri); also, its small fleshy
roots, which are eaten by the Indians from Idaho to
California.
Yang (?), n. [Of imitative origin.]
The cry of the wild goose; a honk.
Yang, v. i.To make the cry of the
wild goose.
Yank (?), n. [Cf. Scot. yank a
sudden and severe blow.] A jerk or twitch. [Colloq. U.
S.]
Yank, v. t. [imp. & p.
p.Yanked (?); p. pr. & vb. n.Yanking.] To twitch; to jerk. [Colloq. U. S.]
Yank, n.An abbreviation of
Yankee. [Slang]
Yan"kee (?), n. [Commonly considered to
be a corrupt pronunciation of the word English, or of the
French word Anglais, by the native Indians of America.
According to Thierry, a corruption of Jankin, a diminutive of
John, and a nickname given to the English colonists of
Connecticut by the Dutch settlers of New York. Dr. W. Gordon ("Hist.
of the Amer. War," ed, 1789, vol. i., pp. 324, 325) says it was a
favorite cant word in Cambridge, Mass., as early as 1713, and that it
meant excellent; as, a yankee good horse, yankee
good cider, etc. Cf. Scot yankie a sharp, clever, and rather
bold woman, and Prov. E. bow-yankees a kind of leggins worn by
agricultural laborers.] A nickname for a native or citizen of New
England, especially one descended from old New England stock; by
extension, an inhabitant of the Northern States as distinguished from
a Southerner; also, applied sometimes by foreigners to any inhabitant
of the United States.
From meanness first this Portsmouth Yankey
rose,
And still to meanness all his conduct flows.
Oppression, A poem by an American (Boston, 1765).
Yan"kee, a.Of or pertaining to a
Yankee; characteristic of the Yankees.
The alertness of the Yankee aspect.
Hawthorne.
Yankee clover. (Bot.)See Japan
clover, under Japan.
Yan`kee-Doo"dle (?), n.1.The name of a tune adopted popularly as one of
the national airs of the United States.
2.Humorously, a Yankee.
We might have withheld our political noodles
From knocking their heads against hot Yankee-
Doodles.
Moore.
Yan"kee*ism (?), n.A Yankee idiom,
word, custom, or the like.Lowell.
||Yaourt (?), n. [Turk. yoghurt.]
A fermented drink, or milk beer, made by the Turks.
Yap (?), v. i. [Icel.
gjālpa; akin to yelp. Cf. Yaup.] To
bark; to yelp.L'Estrange.
Yap (?), n.A bark; a
yelp.
Ya"pock (?; 277), n. [Probably from the
river Oyapok, between French Guiana and Brazil.]
(Zoöl.)A South American aquatic opossum
(Chironectes variegatus) found in Guiana and Brazil. Its hind
feet are webbed, and its fore feet do not have an opposable thumb for
climbing. Called also water opossum. [Written also
yapack.]
Ya"pon (?; 277), n.(Bot.)Same as Yaupon.
Yar"age (?; 48), n. [See Yare,
a.] (Naut.)The power of moving, or
being managed, at sea; -- said with reference to a ship.Sir
T. North.
Yard (?), n. [OE. yerd, AS.
gierd, gyrd, a rod, stick, a measure, a yard; akin to
OFries. ierde, OS. gerda, D. garde, G.
gerte, OHG. gartia, gerta, gart, Icel.
gaddr a goad, sting, Goth. gazds, and probably to L.
hasta a spear. Cf. Gad, n.,
Gird, n., Gride, v.
i., Hastate.]
1.A rod; a stick; a staff. [Obs.]
P. Plowman.
If men smote it with a yerde.
Chaucer.
2.A branch; a twig. [Obs.]
The bitter frosts with the sleet and rain
Destroyed hath the green in every yerd.
Chaucer.
3.A long piece of timber, as a rafter,
etc. [Obs.]
4.A measure of length, equaling three feet,
or thirty-six inches, being the standard of English and American
measure.
5.The penis.
6.(Naut.)A long piece of timber,
nearly cylindrical, tapering toward the ends, and designed to support
and extend a square sail. A yard is usually hung by the center to the
mast. See Illust. of Ship.
Golden Yard, or
Yard and
Ell(Astron.), a popular name of the three stars
in the belt of Orion. --
Under yard [i.
e., under the rod], under contract. [Obs.]
Chaucer.
Yard, n. [OE. yard, yerd,
AS. geard; akin to OFries. garda garden, OS.
gardo garden, gard yard, D. gaard garden, G.
garten, OHG. garto garden, gari inclosure, Icel.
garðr yard, house, Sw. gård, Dan.
gaard, Goth. gards a house, garda sheepfold, L.
hortus garden, Gr. cho`rtos an inclosure. Cf.
Court, Garden, Garth, Horticulture,
Orchard.]
1.An inclosure; usually, a small inclosed
place in front of, or around, a house or barn; as, a courtyard;
a cowyard; a barnyard.
A yard . . . inclosed all about with sticks
In which she had a cock, hight chanticleer.
Chaucer.
2.An inclosure within which any work or
business is carried on; as, a dockyard; a
shipyard.
Liberty of the yard, a liberty, granted to
persons imprisoned for debt, of walking in the yard, or within any
other limits prescribed by law, on their giving bond not to go beyond
those limits. --
Prison yard, an inclosure
about a prison, or attached to it. --
Yard
grass(Bot.), a low-growing grass (Eleusine
Indica) having digitate spikes. It is common in dooryards, and
like places, especially in the Southern United States. Called also
crab grass. --
Yard of land. See
Yardland.
Yard, v. t.To confine (cattle) to
the yard; to shut up, or keep, in a yard; as, to yard
cows.
Yard"arm` (?), n.(Naut.)Either half of a square-rigged vessel's yard, from the center or
mast to the end.
&fist; Ships are said to be yardarm and yardarm when so near
as to touch, or interlock yards.
Yard"ful (?), n.; pl.Yardfuls (&?;). As much as a yard will contain;
enough to fill a yard.
Yard"land` (?), n.(O. Eng. Law)A measure of land of uncertain quantity, varying from fifteen to
forty acres; a virgate. [Obs.]
Yard"stick` (?), n.A stick three
feet, or a yard, in length, used as a measure of cloth, etc.
Yard"wand` (?), n.A
yardstick.Tennyson.
Yare (?), a. [OE. yare,
&yogh;aru, AS. gearu; akin to OS. garu, OHG.
garo, G. gar, Icel. gerr perfect,
görva quite, G. gerben to tan, to curry, OHG.
garawen, garwen, to make ready. Cf. Carouse,
Garb clothing, Gear, n.] Ready;
dexterous; eager; lively; quick to move. [Obs.] "Be yare
in thy preparation." Shak.
The lesser [ship] will come and go, leave or take, and
is yare; whereas the greater is slow.
Sir W.
Raleigh.
Yare, adv.Soon. [Obs.]
Cursor Mundi.
Yare"ly, adv.In a yare
manner. [Obs.] Shak.
Yark (?), v. t. & i.To yerk.
[Prov. Eng.]
Yar"ke (?), n.(Zoöl.)Same as Saki.
Yarn (?), n. [OE. yarn,
&yogh;arn, AS. gearn; akin to D. garen, G., OHG.,
Icel., Sw., & Dan. garn; of uncertain origin. Cf.
Cord.]
1.Spun wool; woolen thread; also, thread of
other material, as of cotton, flax, hemp, or silk; material spun and
prepared for use in weaving, knitting, manufacturing sewing thread, or
the like.
2.(Rope Making)One of the threads of
which the strands of a rope are composed.
3.A story told by a sailor for the amusement
of his companions; a story or tale; as, to spin a yarn.
[Colloq.]
Yarn"en (?), a.Made of yarn;
consisting of yarn. [Obs.] "A pair of yarnen stocks."
Turbervile.
Yar"nut` (?), n.(Bot.)See
Yernut.
Yarr (?), v. i. [OE.
&yogh;arren.] To growl or snarl as a dog. [Obs.]
Ainsworth.
Yar"rish (?), a. [Prov. E. yar
sour, yare brackish.] Having a rough, dry taste.
[Prov. Eng.]
Yar"row (?), n. [OE. yarowe,
yarwe, &yogh;arowe, AS. gearwe; akin to D.
gerw, OHG. garwa, garawa, G. garbe,
schafgarbe, and perhaps to E. yare.] (Bot.)An American and European composite plant (Achillea
Millefolium) with very finely dissected leaves and small white
corymbed flowers. It has a strong, and somewhat aromatic, odor and
taste, and is sometimes used in making beer, or is dried for smoking.
Called also milfoil, and nosebleed.
Yar"whip` (?), n. [So called from its
sharp cry uttered when taking wing.] (Zoöl.)The
European bar-tailed godwit; -- called also yardkeep, and
yarwhelp. See Godwit. [Prov. Eng.]
Yat"a*ghan (?), n. [Turk.
yātāghān.] A long knife, or short saber,
common among Mohammedan nations, usually having a double curve,
sometimes nearly straight. [Written also ataghan,
attaghan.] Chaucer.
Yate (?), n.A gate. See 1st
Gate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Spenser.
Yaud (?), n.See Yawd.
[Prov. Eng. & Scot.]
Yaul (?), n.(Naut.)See
Yawl.
Yaulp (?), v. i.To yaup.
Yaup (?), v. i. [See Yap, and
Yelp.] To cry out like a child; to yelp. [Scot. &
Colloq. U. S.] [Written also yawp.]
Yaup, n. [Written also yawp.]
1.A cry of distress, rage, or the like, as
the cry of a sickly bird, or of a child in pain. [Scot. &
Colloq. U. S.]
2.(Zoöl.)The blue
titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]
Yaup"er (?), n.One who, or that
which, yaups.
Yau"pon (?), n.(Bot.)A
shrub (Ilex Cassine) of the Holly family, native from Virginia
to Florida. The smooth elliptical leaves are used as a substitute for
tea, and were formerly used in preparing the black drink of the
Indians of North Carolina. Called also South-Sea tea.
[Written also yapon, youpon, and yupon.]
Yaw (?), v. i. [imp. & p.
p.Yawed (?); p. pr. & vb. n.Yawing.] [Cf. Yew, v. i.] To rise
in blisters, breaking in white froth, as cane juice in the clarifiers
in sugar works.
Yaw, v. i. & t. [Cf. Prov. G.
gagen to rock, gageln to totter, shake, Norw.
gaga to bend backward, Icel. gagr bent back, gaga
to throw the neck back.] (Naut.)To steer wild, or out of
the line of her course; to deviate from her course, as when struck by
a heavy sea; -- said of a ship.
Just as he would lay the ship's course, all
yawing being out of the question.
Lowell.
Yaw, n.(Naut.)A movement
of a vessel by which she temporarily alters her course; a deviation
from a straight course in steering.
Yawd (?), n. [Cf. Icel. jalda a
mare, E. jade a nag.] A jade; an old horse or mare.
[Written also yaud.] [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Grose.
Yawl (?), n. [D. jol; akin to LG.
& Dan. jolle, Sw. julle. Cf. Jolly-boat.]
(Naut.)A small ship's boat, usually rowed by four or six
oars. [Written also yaul.]
Yawl, v. i. [OE. &yogh;aulen,
&yogh;oulen, gaulen, goulen, Icel. gaula
to low, bellow. Cf. Gowl.] To cry out like a dog or cat;
to howl; to yell.Tennyson.
There howling Scyllas yawling round
about.
Fairfax.
Yawl"-rigged" (?), a.(Naut.)Having two masts with fore-and-aft sails, but differing from a
schooner in that the after mast is very small, and stepped as far aft
as possible. See Illustration in Appendix.
Yawn (y&add;n), v. i. [imp. & p.
p.Yawned (?); p. pr. & vb. n.Yawning.] [OE. yanien, &yogh;anien,
ganien, gonien, AS. gānian; akin to
ginian to yawn, gīnan to yawn, open wide, G.
gähnen to yawn, OHG. ginēn,
geinōn, Icel. gīna to yawn, gin the
mouth, OSlav. zijati to yawn, L. hiare to gape, yawn;
and perhaps to E. begin, cf. Gr. cheia` a hole.
√47b. Cf. Begin, Gin to begin,
Hiatus.]
1.To open the mouth involuntarily through
drowsiness, dullness, or fatigue; to gape; to oscitate. "The
lazy, yawning drone." Shak.
And while above he spends his breath,
The yawning audience nod beneath.
Trumbull.
2.To open wide; to gape, as if to allow the
entrance or exit of anything.
't is now the very witching time of night,
When churchyards yawn.
Shak.
3.To open the mouth, or to gape, through
surprise or bewilderment.Shak.
4.To be eager; to desire to swallow anything;
to express desire by yawning; as, to yawn for fat
livings. "One long, yawning gaze." Landor.
Yawn, n.1.An
involuntary act, excited by drowsiness, etc., consisting of a deep and
long inspiration following several successive attempts at inspiration,
the mouth, fauces, etc., being wide open.
One person yawning in company will produce a
spontaneous yawn in all present.
N.
Chipman.
2.The act of opening wide, or of
gaping.Addison.
3.A chasm, mouth, or passageway.
[R.]
Now gape the graves, and trough their yawns let
loose
Imprisoned spirits.
Marston.
Yawn"ing*ly, adv.In a yawning
manner.
Yawp (?), v. & n.See
Yaup.
Yaws (?), n. [African yaw a
raspberry.] (Med.)A disease, occurring in the Antilles
and in Africa, characterized by yellowish or reddish tumors, of a
contagious character, which, in shape and appearance, often resemble
currants, strawberries, or raspberries. There are several varieties of
this disease, variously known as frambœsia, pian,
verrugas, and crab-yaws.
Yaw"-weed` (?), n.(Bot.)A
low, shrubby, rubiaceous plant (Morinda Royoc) growing along
the seacoast of the West Indies. It has small, white, odorous
flowers.
Y*be" (?), obs. p. p. of Be.
Been.Chaucer.
Y*cleped" (?), p. p. [AS.
geclipod, p. p. of clipian, cleopian,
cliopian, to call. See Clepe, and also the Note under
Y-.] Called; named; -- obsolete, except in archaic or
humorous writings. [Spelt also yclept.]
It is full fair to ben yclept
madame.
Chaucer.
But come, thou goddess fair and free.
In heaven ycleped Euphrosyne.
Milton.
Those charming little missives ycleped
valentines.
Lamb.
Y*do" (?), obs. p. p. of Do.
Done.Chaucer.
Y*drad" (?), obs. p. p. of Dread.
Dreaded.
Yet nothing did he dread, but ever was
ydrad.
Spenser.
{Ye, Ye (&thlig;ē)}, an
old method of printing the article the (AS. þe),
the "y" being used in place of the Anglo-Saxon thorn (þ). It is
sometimes incorrectly pronounced yē. See The, and
Thorn, n., 4.
Y"ë (ē"e), n.;
pl.Yën (ē"en). An
eye. [Obs.]
From his yën ran the water
down.
Chaucer.
Ye (yē), pron. [OE. ye,
&yogh;e, nom. pl., AS. ge, gī; cf. OS.
ge, gī, OFries. gī, ī,
D. gij, Dan. & Sw. i, Icel. ēr, OHG.
ir, G. ihr, Goth. jus, Lith. jus, Gr.
"ymei^s, Skr. yuyam. √189.] The plural of
the pronoun of the second person in the nominative case.
Ye ben to me right welcome
heartily.
Chaucer.
But ye are washed, but ye are
sanctified.
1 Cor. vi. 11.
This would cost you your life in case ye were a
man.
Udall.
&fist; In Old English ye was used only as a nominative, and
you only as a dative or objective. In the 16th century,
however, ye and you became confused and were often used
interchangeably, both as nominatives and objectives, and you
has now superseded ye except in solemn or poetic use. See
You, and also the first Note under Thou.
Vain pomp and glory of this world, I hate
ye.
Shak.
I come, kind gentlemen, strange news to tell
ye.
Dryden.
Ye (yā), adv. [See Yea.]
Yea; yes. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Yea (yā or yē; 277), adv.
[OE. ye, ya, &yogh;e, &yogh;a, AS.
geá; akin to OFries. gē, iē,
OS., D., OHG., G., Dan. & Sw. ja, Icel, jā, Goth.
ja, jai, and probably to Gr. "h^ truly,
verily. √188. Cf. Yes.]